不同多相流模型在航行体出水流场数值模拟中的应用

基于VOF和Mixture两种均相流模型,并结合输运方程类空化模型、k-ε湍流模型和动网格技术,针对圆柱形航行体出水过程进行了数值模拟,获得了无空化、带空泡两种状态下航行体出水过程中的多相流物理景象和表面压力变化历程。根据计算结果分析了VOF模型、Mixture模型在多相流界面捕捉、压力计算等方面的异同,并给出了两种模型的适用范围,在理论研究和工程应用上都具有重要意义。     

下穿隧道对邻近桩基承载力与沉降的影响

总结了下穿隧道开挖对邻近桩基产生的影响和小孔扩张-收缩理论的相关研究,分析了两阶段分析法、整体分析法和室内模型试验3种常见研究隧道-桩基相互作用方法的优缺点,同时在总结岩土介质小孔扩张-收缩理论研究及其在桩基工程和隧道工程中应用的基础上,指出了现有小孔扩张-收缩理论在研究浅埋隧道开挖中的不足。提出一种关于浅埋隧道-桩基相互作用的求解思路,即考虑地表效应的影响,采用有限介质小孔扩张-收缩理论进行求解。给出了该方法的初始计算模型和计算流程图,并将理论计算所得各阶段土体的位移场与离心模型试验结果进行对比,验证了方法的可行性,最后基于此计算模型给出了各阶段土体的应力场及变化量。结果表明:小孔扩张-收缩理论可以考虑三维隧道开挖对邻近桩基的影响,为解决隧道-桩基相互作用提供了新的解决思路。     

Hydraulic fracturing pressure of concentric double-layered cylinder in cohesive soil

This study aims to investigate hydrofracturing in double-layered soil through theoretical and experimental analysis, as multilayered soils where the difference in mechanical properties exists are generally encountered in practical engineering. First, an analytical solution for fracturing pressure in two different concentric regions of soil was presented based on the cavity expansion theory. Then, several triaxial hydraulic fracturing tests were carried out to validate the analytical solution. The comparison between the experimental and analytical results indicates the remarkable accuracy of the derived formula, and the following conclusions were also obtained. First, there is a linear relationship between the fracturing pressure and confining pressure in concentric double-layered cohesive soil. Second, when the internal-layer soil is softer than the external-layer soil, the presence of internal soil on the fracturing pressure approximately brings the weakening effect, and the greater strength distinction between the two layers, the greater the weakening effect. Third, when the internal-layer soil is harder than the external-layer soil, the existence of the internal-layer soil has a strengthening effect on the fracturing pressure regardless of the proportion of internal-layer soil. Moreover, the influence of strength distinction between the two layers on the fracturing pressure is significant when the proportion of internal-layer soil is less than half, while it’s limited when the proportion is more than half. The proposed solution is potentially useful for geotechnical problems involving aspects of cohesive soil layering in a composite formation.     

The discovery of the synovial lymphatic stomata and lymphatic reabsorption in knee effusion

To illustrate the mechanism of lymphatic reabsorption in knee joint effusion. The current investigation employed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques to reveal the ultrastructure of the knee synovial membrane in New Zealand rabbits and human. Ultrastructural changes of the synovial lymphatic stomata were observed by using trypan blue absorption and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) digestion methods, and the animal models of synovitis. New Zealand rabbits and human synovial membranes were composed of two types of synovial cells: type A and type B. No lymphatic stomata were found among type A synovial cells, whereas lymphatic stomata with the diameters ranging 0.74–3.26 µm were found in type B synovial cells, and some stomata were closed. After the NaOH digestion, a number of sieve pores, similar to lymphatic stomata in size and shape, were observed in the dense fibrous connective tissue underneath the type B synovial cells. After injecting trypan blue into the rabbit knee joint cavity, absorption of trypan blue through the lymphatic stomata was observed, suggesting the absorption function of the synovial lymphatic stomata. In the rabbit knee joint synovitis models, the synovial lymphatic stomata diameter enlarged. Some macrophages migrated from the lymphatic stomata, indicating that the synovial lymphatic stomata were involved in the joint effusion absorption and inflammatory response. Our study is the first to report the existence of synovial lymphatic stomata in the New Zealand rabbits and human knee joints. Lymphatic stomata may have an important role in the reabsorption of joint effusion. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:479–484, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

起落架大型结构件深孔加工技术研究

深孔及深孔型腔的加工一直是飞机起落架产品加工的难点和瓶颈,随着航空飞机总体性能的不断提高,对飞机各主承力结构件所受载荷的要求越来越高,传统的起落架结构件采用焊接技术以及普通钢材已经不适用。针对起落架目前采用高强度钢和整体结构设计后,涉及到典型深孔及型腔的加工技术成为了难题,通过对大型结构件深孔及型腔的加工技术研究,实现起落架重要结构件整体加工技术的革新。     

基于PDH(Pound-Drever-Hall)技术谐振腔腔长反馈锁定研究

设计并搭建了一套基于PDH技术谐振腔腔长反馈锁定实验系统,利用高频率稳定度的激光中心频率作为参考标准实现对外部谐振腔腔长的精确控制.当入射光为1W,波长1064 nm,相位调制信号频率12.5 MHz,幅值2V,谐振腔输入耦合镜反射系数为0.95时,获得PDH误差信号随谐振腔腔长变化曲线与理论计算结果基本吻合.利用该误差信号实现了对外部谐振腔腔长大于30分钟,且稳定度为5.13×10-8的锁定.     

硬岩中的可重复使用抗爆洞室结构设计技术

在原岩中直接进行化爆模拟试验是研究地震耦合效应的重要方法,但存在爆心附近原岩介质状态改变或地震传播路径变化的问题,从而导致地震信号质量差、工程代价高。为此,提出了在地下洞室中构建可重复使用钢纤维混凝土衬砌结构的抗爆设计思路。采用数值模拟方法,对结构损伤破坏的高风险区域及破坏形式进行了预测;根据数值模拟结果,制定了针对性结构设计方案。在设计建设的密闭设施内重复开展了数百公斤级TNT当量化爆试验,通过爆后壁面破损情况对比、钻孔取样与钻孔摄像观测,证实多次爆炸未对衬砌与原岩界面产生明显影响;相似事件在同一台站的地震信号表现出了较高稳定性和重复性,证明该抗爆结构达到了预期设计目标。该工作可为类似抗爆设施建设提供工程实例与技术参考。     

环境气压对掺气设施空腔长度的影响分析

低气压环境下泄水建筑物空化空蚀风险增大,环境气压对掺气减蚀效果的影响程度是高海拔地区高坝水力设计时需重点关注的问题。采用CFD数值仿真方法,建立跌坎和挑坎两种不同体型的掺气设施模型,分析不同环境气压下的掺气设施的空腔长度,研究环境气压对高速水流掺气效果的影响。结果表明,环境气压越低,高速水流掺气空腔长度越小,掺气效果越弱,高海拔地区高速水流防蚀设计应合理考虑环境气压的影响程度。     

Three-dimensional upper bound limit analysis of underground cavities using nonlinear Baker failure criterion

A generalized nonlinear Baker failure criterion is employed with the upper bound limit analysis to study the surrounding rock stability of underground cavities. A three-dimensional (3D) failure mode is established by extending the two-dimensional (2D) failure mode, which offers an upper bound expression of the surrounding rock pressure. This method is validated with a series of examples before the influence of four parameters of scale parameter, curvature parameter, shift parameter and lateral pressure coefficient, on the surrounding rock pressure is analyzed. According to these results, failure ranges of the underground cavities are determined. The following conclusions are reached: (1) the proposed approach is more accurate to predict surrounding rock pressure than the Mohr−Coulomb failure criterion; (2) the surrounding rock with large scale parameter, curvature parameter, shift parameter, and lateral pressure coefficient can lead to a more stable underground cavity; (3) the failure range in 3D mode can be predicted according to the upper bound solutions.     

Mixed convection in the heated semi-circular lid-driven cavity for nonNewtonian power-law fluids: Effect of presence and shape of the block

The present work delineates the hydrodynamics and thermal characteristics due to mixed convection in the liddriven semi-circular cavity affected by the presence of the adiabatic block at its geometric center for twodimensional, steady-state, laminar and for non-Newtonian power-law fluids. The semi-circular cavity has a diameter of D. The horizontal wall/lid is sliding with a uniform horizontal velocity(u = U) and is subjugated to the ambient thermal condition; while the curved surface is subjugated to a higher isothermal temperature.The convective characteristics inside the system is explored for the broad range of Richardson number(0.1 ≤Ri ≤ 10), Prandtl number(1 ≤ Pr ≤ 100) and non-Newtonian power-law index(0.5 ≤ n ≤ 1.5) at a constant Grashof number of 10~4. Apart from this, the effect of shape(cross-section) of the inserted block, i.e., circular, square and triangular on heat transfer characteristics has also been explored. It is observed that the shear thickening fluids display better cooling characteristics. Besides, the cavity with immersed triangular block shows better heat transfer results than the circular and square blocks. The deviations observed in the flow and heat transfer characteristics in the cavity by inserting an adiabatic block as compared with cavity without block have been ascertained by calculating normalized Nusselt number(Nu~N). The presence of the block was found to have a diminishing effect on the heat transfer due to convection in the cavity. In the end, the results of the study are summarized in the form of a predictive correlation exhibiting the functional dependence of average Nusselt number with Prandtl number, power-law index, and Richardson number.